Chapter 2 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents and Cell Adaptation

Question 1 of 9

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Which cellular adaptation would occur in a person with chronic hypertension?

Atrophy
Atrophy is the reduction in cell size and would not occur in a person with chronic hypertension.

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Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy is a compensatory increase in the size of cells. It occurs in response to mechanical load or stress.

Hyperplasia
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, resulting from an increased rate of cellular division.

Dysplasia
Dysplasia refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells. It is not considered a true adaptive process but is related to hyperplasia.

Question 2 of 9

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Which process describes an organ’s ability to regenerate?

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Compensatory hyperplasia
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, resulting from an increased rate of cellular division and organ regeneration.

Hormonal hyperplasia
Hormonal hyperplasia occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs. It enlarges the organ but does not contribute to regeneration.

Dysplasia
Dysplasia is the abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells and does not lead to organ regeneration.

Metaplasia
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) by another cell type that can survive in an adverse environment.

Question 3 of 9

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Which cellular adaptation process occurs in the lungs of a person who is a long-term cigarette smoker?

Callus
A callus or thickening of the skin. It occurs in response to injury from a mechanical stimulus.

Compensatory hyperplasia
Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables organs to regenerate. It does not replace it with other types of cells.

Correct

Metaplasia
The chronic irritation from smoke causes the normal ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the trachea and bronchi to become replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.

Physiologic hypertrophy
Physiologic hypertrophy is a compensatory mechanism that increases cell size. It does not replace the type of cell typically seen in that organ as with metaplasia.

Question 4 of 9

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Which injury can cause systemic hypoxia?

Infection
Infection causes localized hypoxia not systemic hypoxia.

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Hemorrhage
Widespread loss of red blood cells and hemoglobin decrease the oxygen carrying capacity in a person’s body. This leads to systemic hypoxia.

Cerebral stroke
Cerebral stokes are localized to the brain and do not cause systemic hypoxia.

Myocardial infarction
The term myocardial infarction refers to ischemia localized to the myocardium (heart attack) and does not cause systemic hypoxia.

Question 5 of 9

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Which cellular adaptation concept refers to the conversion of one toxic chemical into a less toxic or nontoxic compound?

Reduction-oxidation reaction
This answer refers to a biochemical reaction involving the transfer of elections between two species. It does not convert the toxin to a less toxic or nontoxic compound.

Protein alteration
Protein alteration does not convert the toxin to a less toxic or nontoxic compound. It is a process whereby polypeptide chains become fragmented, leading to protein loss, protein misfolding, and altering protein–protein interaction

Xenobiotic adaptation
Xenobiotics are compounds and chemicals that have toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic properties. They do not convert the toxin to a less toxic or nontoxic compound.

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Hepatic detoxification
Hepatic detoxification is a process whereby enzymatic reactions convert one chemical into a less toxic or nontoxic compound.

Question 6 of 9

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Which assessment criteria indicates the need to treat envenoming? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.

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Tissue necrosis

Venom causes tissue destruction due to toxic tissue enzymes, increased permeability of cell membranes leading to increased localize spread of venom. The spreading of the necrosis around the puncture site indicates further tissue damage. Neutralizing the venom is needed to prevent tissue destruction.

Correct

Ecchymosis

Venom causes coagulopathy. Neutralizing the venom is needed to prevent bleeding and allow clot formation.

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Angioedema

Angioedema is a symptom of anaphylaxis. Neutralizing the venom is needed to prevent systemic reactions.

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Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis results due to the immune systems response to the venom. Neutralizing the venom is needed to prevent systemic reactions.

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Paralysis

Venom can cause neurological dysfunction as a systemic effect. Neutralizing the venom is needed to prevent systemic reactions.

Question 7 of 9

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Which unintentional injury would require suturing?

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Laceration
A laceration is a clean linear tear or rip in the tissue. Suturing is used to secure and approximated the edges.

Gunshot
This type of wound has extensive tissue damage and loss. Suturing is not possible due to the large amount of tissue damaged and lost.

Fracture (bone)
Bone cannot be sutured.

Contusion
A contusion is a bruise caused by bleeding into the skin or underlying tissues. Suturing cannot be performed on this injury because there is no break in the skin requiring approximation.

Question 8 of 9

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Which physiologic process is specific to strangulation?

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Lack of blood supply to the brain
Impaired cerebral blood flow is caused by compression of the carotid arteries. This is the main cause of death in strangulation (compression of the blood vessels, not from lack of airflow, which is caused by asphyxiation).

Lack of oxygenation to the brain
Lack of oxygen to the brain would be a result of an obstruction in the airway, respiratory drive, or compression of the chest preventing full expansion of the lungs. This is seen in asphyxiation and not in strangulation.

Lack of oxygen in the hemoglobin
Lack of oxygen in the hemoglobin occurs in chemical asphyxiation when other chemicals compete with oxygen binding receptors in the hemoglobin. Blood flow is not impaired in chemical asphyxiation. Strangulation is the compression of the blood vessels decreasing or preventing blood flow to the brain.

Lack of patent airway
Strangulation is the compression of the blood vessels. A compromised airway is seen in asphyxiation and not in strangulation.

Question 9 of 9

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Which factor contributes to the pathogenicity of a microorganism? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.

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The ability to take over its host

The microorganism needs to be able to overcome the host’s immunologic defenses so it can survive and proliferate. This leads to a greater number of cells it can invade and destroy and eventually completely take over its host.

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The ability to produce toxins

Potentially injurious biochemical agents include toxin production. These toxins cause damage to cells, including immunologic cells causing hypersensitivity reactions, eventually leaving the host without immunologic defenses.

Correct

The ability to destroy cells

The disease-producing potential of a microorganism is a function of its ability to destroy host cells. The longer a microorganism survives and proliferates, the greater number of cells it can invade and destroy.

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The ability to produce damaging reactions

The longer a microorganism survives and proliferates, the greater number of cells it can invade and destroy, produce toxins, and produce damaging hypersensitivity reactions. The host becomes overwhelmed and can no longer combat the microorganism.

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The ability to resist antibiotics

Many HAIs are caused by antibiotic-resistant microbes, which lead to complications such as sepsis and eventually death. Because the microorganism is not affected by antibiotics, it can survive and proliferate freely.