Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology: Example

Introduction

Psychopathology is a product of the interdependent biological, psychological, sociocultural and interpersonal processes that intertwine to result in a diagnosis of mental illness. Understanding pathogenesis of a psychiatric illness not only elaborates the etiologic process but also helps in development of therapeutic strategies within the psychiatric practice (Fratelli et al., 2020). This discussion delves into the factors revolving around emergence of psychopathologic disease with a focus on clinical practice and approach to different etiologic principles. Primary mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNPs) should embrace a multidimensional model when addressing the complexities involved in a psychiatric patient.

Biological Factors

Biologic factors include genetics as well as neurophysiology of an individual resulting in diseases like schizophrenia o bipolar disease. Different gene sequences contribute to heightened risk for mental illness among some individuals following alteration of neurotransmitter profiles. Persons with confirmed psychiatric disease may have biologic predilections with neuroadaptive changes that result in alterations of neural architecture. Genetic variations in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) are associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) particularly when accompanied by stressful events (Fratelli et al., 2020). Neuroscientific imaging techniques have expanded research into brain structures and circuits to identify patterns in psychopathology. Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsible for hormonal balance within the body is also regularly observed in chronic stress alongside anxiety and affective mood disorders. Structural alterations coupled with functional variations in areas like the prefrontal cortex or the amygdala have been reported in neuroimaging studies among patients diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Psychological Factors

Psychological antecedents leading up to psychopathology include behaviors as cognition or affect regulation, personality developmental history and a history of attachment. Beck’s cognitive models and other models explain that cognition leads to the development as well as proliferation of psychopathology (Dalgleish et al., 2020). Distorted negative thinking patterns including intrusive negative thoughts coupled with a negative self-image may lead to development of depressive disorder. Cognitive biases and dysfunctional beliefs towards self or the world are also associated with anxiety disorders. Self-regulation of emotions is a critical component of mental health with poor emotional control being the root cause of mood disorders. Mood dysregulation is frequently seen in bipolar or substance induced psychiatric disease where patients often present with mania. Developmental psychology additionally underlines the importance of early social experiences and attachment patterns in shaping a person’s emotional resilience. Childhood trauma, abuse and neglect are defined as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) resulting in a range of psychiatric conditions in adulthood (Wakuta et al., 2023).

Sociocultural and Interpersonal Factors

A person’s community and preformed cultural beliefs are key influencers of psychopathology manifestations. Individuals with a highly religious background are at a higher risk of developing delusional disorders if left unchecked to an extent of exhibiting command hallucinations from a purported higher power (Fares et al., 2023). Other socioeconomic challenges like poverty and literacy levels affect psychiatric disease outcome. Patients of low socioeconomic class with low literacy levels often have poor perception of mental health seeking behavior. Cultural contexts are multifaceted in that they influence the way patients present their psychiatric symptoms and how clinicians diagnose them in instances where the patient-practitioner’s cultures are different. Culture impacts the help-seeking processes of an individual causing some individuals to present to psychiatric clinics in severe manic states that could have been noted earlier. People might postpone or even refrain from getting help because of the negative culturally-instilled perceptions they might face. Having a solid effective social support system decreases the likelihood of developing psychopathology whereas having maladaptive relationships may lead to initial onset and chronicity of mental disorders (Fares et al., 2023).

Conclusion

PMHNPs are urged to adopt a multi-dimensional and integrative approach when approaching any psychiatric case so as to consider the numerous variables involved in disease pathophysiology. Clinicians are in a position to offer better diagnostic management following consideration of various factors responsible for the mental disease process. Genetic predispositions often have to couple with a number of sociocultural and psychological factors to result in a psychiatric diagnosis.

References

Dalgleish, T., Black, M., Johnston, D., & Bevan, A. (2020). Transdiagnostic approaches to mental health problems: Current status and future directions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 88 (3), 179-195. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000482 Links to an external site.

Fares, R., Rabil, J., Haddad, C., Helwe, S., Khalil, J., Kasrine Al Halabi, C., Abi Antoun, T., Haddad, G., & Hallit, S. (2023). Religious hallucinations in lebanese patients with schizophrenia and their association with religious coping. BMC Research Notes , 16 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-023-06296-0 Links to an external site.

Fratelli, C., Siqueira, J., Silva, C., Ferreira, E., & Silva, I. (2020). 5HTTLPR genetic variant and major depressive disorder: A review. Genes , 11 (11), 1260. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11111260 Links to an external site.

Wakuta, M., Nishimura, T., Osuka, Y., Tsukui, N., Takahashi, M., Adachi, M., Suwa, T., & Katayama, T. (2023). Adverse childhood experiences: Impacts on adult mental health and social withdrawal. Frontiers in Public Health , 11 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1277766 Links to an external site.

Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

In many realms of medicine, objective diagnoses can be made: A clavicula is broken. An infection is present. TSH levels meet the diagnostic criteria for hypothyroidism. Psychiatry, on the other hand, deals with psychological phenomena and behaviors. Can these, too, be “defined objectively and by scientific criteria (Gergen, 1985), or are they social constructions?” (Boland, Verduin, & Ruiz, 2022).

Thanks to myriad advances during recent decades, we know that psychopathology is caused by many interacting factors. Theoretical and clinical contributions to the field have come from the neural sciences, genetics, psychology, and social-cultural sciences. How do these factors impact the expression, classification, diagnosis, and prevalence of psychopathology, and why might it be important for a nurse practitioner to take a multidimensional, integrative approach?

Resources

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.

Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

WEEKLY RESOURCES

To Prepare:

Review this week’s Learning Resources, considering the many interacting factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology.

Consider how theoretical perspective on psychopathology impacts the work of the PMHNP.

By Day 3 of Week 1

Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology.

Upload a copy of your discussion writing to the draft Turnitin for plagiarism check. Your faculty holds the academic freedom to not accept your work and grade at a zero if your work is not uploaded as a draft submission to Turnitin as instructed.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses

By Day 6 of Week 1

Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days by explaining the implications of why, as an advanced practice nurse, it is important to adopt a multidimensional, integrative model of psychopathology.

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link, and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!

MAIN DISCUSSION

The three components of a psychiatric interview are the chief complaint of the patient, the complete history of the patient (physical, mental, social, history or family history of mental health disorders or substance abuse), and the mental health exam (MedEasy, 2017). I believe that each area is important in its own way. The chief complaint needs to be addressed because you want to know what issues that patient is having and what concerns they may have. The history of the patient is important in assisting with a diagnosis. It can tell you if there is a history of a mental illness or substance disorders with the patient or in the family. It allows you to talk to the patient while developing a rapport and seeing if anything in the history can guide you in making your diagnosis. The mental assessment allows you to assess the patient and note any observations you see such as unusual behavior, unkept appearance, and any physical symptoms. This again can help lead to a diagnosis based on your findings.

I was assigned the Beck Depression Inventory 2 nd Revision BDI-II and it is noted to be one of the most common tools to assess for the presence and to also grade the level of depression. Through the course of many studies, it has been proven that it has a high reliability and validity in diagnosing major depression. The self-reporting questionnaire is 21-questions and assesses symptoms of depression in the last two weeks (Gegrie, 2018). The questionnaire can be done by the individual at any time to allow him to answer honestly. If the patient is more comfortable taking the questionnaire home to answer the question, he can bring it back to the clinic or answer the questions when he is given some time alone. The tool would be helpful for the practitioner because it is a simple tool that can be given to the patient to answer on his own or it can be given verbally. The test can be done very quickly and has a high success rate in supporting a diagnosis of major depression (NINDS, 2024).

References

Gegrie, M. (2018, July). An Analysis of Beck Depression Inventory 2nd Edition (BDI-II) . doi:DOI:10.31031/GJEM.2018.02.000540

MedEasy. (2017). Psychiatric history taking and the mental health exam I USMLE & COMPLEX. YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5KwDgWX8L8

NINDS. (2024, January). Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) . Retrieved from NINDS Common Data Elements: https://www.commondataelements.ninds.nih.gov/report-viewer/25193/Beck%20Depression%20Inventory%20II%20(BDI-II)

Hello,

Miss Mary

I also agree with your post. Factors that can also influence the development of psychopathology include many challenges whenever it comes to children, adolescents, and the elderly population suffering from mental illnesses. These factors can consist of understanding a person’s biological factors, such as their genetic makeup, brain function, and lifestyle, and considering health factors, social environment, health, diets, age, and one’s cognitive function are huge factors. Mental Illness determines the complexity of the condition, which can affect a person’s overall condition. Several people with diagnoses of mental disorders are facing substance abuse, according to data from (The National Institute of Mental Health 2014). It is estimated that 43.6 million adults aged 18 years or older, with 18.1% and 21.8% considered female and 14% male. (The National Institute of Mental Illness 2014). States these percentages will continue to increase over the coming years. Not to consider the number of our homeless population within the last few years. Therefore, there is no doubt that the need for nurses to pursue mental health programs will have a considerable impact, with more providers available to bring more awareness into the outpatient setting of the population. These factors can have significant effects that cause underlying problems with patients suffering from environmental factors such as poor health conditions, homelessness, and lack of health care. Effective interventions and treatment plans can be ideal for managing such disorders. For PMHNPs, this will provide more resources for patients with better outcomes.

Social Factors in dealing with mental illness can set structural conditions by which people can become aware of their illness and become educated on how to seek resources to deal with such illness. More community organizations, such as government grants and programs, need to be more available for our mentally challenged population. (World Health Organization. 2022).

In the fight for ongoing education, treatment programs and prevention of mental illness should remain at parity with secondary and tertiary prevention.

References:

The National Institute of Mental Illness (NIMH) (. gov)

https://www.nimh.nih.gov

World Health Organization Taking Action on the social determinants of health.

www.who.int/westrnpacific/activites

First Response:

I agree with your post. Multiple other factors, including genetics, genes, and the environment can also influence psychopathological development.

These disorders are triggered by an increased risk for people suffering from a psychiatric illness that is focused on their genetic makeup. The key elements are

Biological Factors Genetics: Many mental disorders have a genetic component and can influence families to have similar experiences with mental disorders. Therefore, no single gene causes a disorder; this creates multiple genes that interact to increase vulnerability.

The influence of brain structure and function resulted in abnormalities as the brain continued receiving signals and electrical conductivity impulses. The increase in neurotransmitters may stimulate the brain cells to developmental disorders.

All of these imbalances in chemicals, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, are joined to conditions such as depression and schizophrenia.

Psychological Factors

Trauma and Stress : Lifestyle changes can result in trauma and chronic stress, and significant changes in body functions can trigger or worsen the symptoms of mental health issues.

Cognitive Patterns : The inability to think and navigate one ‘s thinking changes one’s cognitive ability and can contribute to developing and maintaining mental disorders.

Social and Environmental Factors

Family Environment: The assessment of dysfunctional family dynamics, children, and adolescent psychopathology can increase the risk of developing mental disorders.

Socioeconomic Status :

People need help accessing community resources, which creates social inequality and a significant risk factor.

Social Support : lack of social support and feelings of loneliness can contribute to the onset and progression of mental health issues.

Protective Factors

Healthy Lifestyle : Recommending physical activity sessions, eating a balanced meal, and adequate sleep can promote mental well-being and reduce psychopathology risk.

Understanding these benefits can help in developing effective prevention and treatment strategies for mental health disorders.

References:

The American Journal of Psychiatry Volume, 177, Number 1

https:\doi.org/10.1176/apps.app.2019.19111181

Reply from

Psychopathological development is influenced by a variety of factors, such as biological, psychological, and social factors. These factors often work together to shape the onset of a psychiatric health disorder in particular ways for everyone (Jessica et al., 2023). I am going to explore the key psychological, biological, and social factors that contribute to psychopathology.

Biological factors

The influence of genetics

Genetics and heritability studies have proven that genetics play a significant impact in the development of many or a variety of mental health disorders. There are specific genes and genotype interactions that play a role in disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety. Genetics have proven that mental health disorders can be hereditary. For example, if an individual in a family has a specific mental health disorder, there is a high possibility that somebody in the family will develop the same related condition.

Gene-environment interactions : Genetic factors or variations can indeed predispose someone to mental health illness. Environmental factors such as trauma and stress can exacerbate or trigger these genetic vulnerabilities. For example, if someone has a genetic predisposition to depression, they are more likely to develop a disorder in response to significant life stresses. The research carried out by (Jessica et al., 2023) indicated that negative attitudes adversely affect mental health.

Neuroscience factors

Brain structure and functioning studies have cortex structural abnormalities or dysfunction in some regions of the brain that can also contribute to psychopathology. For instance, if there is a reduced gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex, it is associated with conditions like schizophrenia and depression. The amygdala is involved in processing emotions and contributes to anxiety and mood disorders.

Neurotransmitters: When neurotransmitters are dysregulated, they are chemical messengers in the brain commonly found in various psychopathologies, such as serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and glutamate.

Serotonin contributes to mood regulation. Low serotonin levels are associated with depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. (V.I. & T.O. 2023).

Dopamine: dysregulation of dopamine levels is involved in conditions such as schizophrenia, where excessive dopamine activity or excessive dopaminergic activity in the brain pathways may lead to psychotic symptoms.

GABA and glutamate imbalances in these neurotransmitters contribute to anxiety and mood disorders

hormonal and immune system factors cortisol often regulates hormonal balance, and stressful events can trigger hormonal responses such as elevated cortisol levels, which, when prolonged, can have negative effects on the brain and increases the vulnerability of mental health disorders. Chronic inflammation in the brain may also play a role in depression and other mood disorders.

Psychological factors

Behavioral factors

Learned behaviors and conditioning cycle pathology can be developed through a maladaptive learning process, for example, classical conditioning, which is associating natural stimuli with fear or anxiety, or operant conditioning, which is reinforcing maladaptive behaviors that contribute to anxiety disorders and phobias.

Cognitive processes , maladaptive thinking patterns such as catastrophizing and expecting the worst possible outcome, or black-and-white thinking, which is viewing situations as all good or all bad, are often seen in conditions like depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Negative biases Individuals with depression can focus on negative aspects or often focus on negative situations and interpret ambiguous events in a negative format or light. These biases can lead to a circle of distress and further promote negative thinking.

Cognitive vulnerability people with certain levels of cognitive styles or certain cognitive styles, for example, rumination, may be more prone to developing psychopathology as they tend to dwell on negative thoughts more frequently than positive thoughts and feel unable to escape from the negativity.

Emotional factors

Emotional regulation difficulty in regulating or maintaining emotional balance, for example, anger, sadness, and anxiety, can contribute to a variety of mental health disorders. Individuals with borderline personality disorders and mood disorders like depression and anxiety may struggle to manage these symptoms, leading to distressful and dysfunctional behaviors. (Fernandes, & Gomes, 2024).

Trauma and emotional processing early in life or life experiences like neglect and abuse can impair emotional regulation and increase vulnerability to disorders like PTSD, depression, and dissociation.

Developmental factors

Attachment and early relationships’ emotional and social development delay fostered following early attachment experiences with a caregiver. A disruption in this attachment, such as neglect or consistent or inconsistent caregiving, can contribute to emotional dysregulation and disorders like anxiety, depression, and other personality disorders (Marge Alejandra et al., 2023).

Childhood trauma, when the child experiences adverse childhood experiences, including physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, can increase the risk of developing various psychological disorders later in life. Traumatic events during development can disrupt environmental, emotional, and cognitive development, leading to issues such as anxiety, PTSD, or depression.

Social, cultural, and interpersonal factors

Social factors

Psycho-economic status : The population that is associated with low socioeconomic status is associated with higher rates of mental health problems. Poverty can increase exposure to stressors, limit access to mental health care, and contribute to the cycle of disadvantages that affect mental well-being.

Social support : The lack of a social support system or social isolation has a high tendency or significantly increases the risk of developing psychopathology, especially during times of stress. A supportive relationship acts as a protective barrier or a protective factor against mental health disorders. Therefore, those who are at higher risk of mental health disorders always lack a robust social support system.

Life stressors and significant life events : The experience of major life changes such as the death of a loved one, divorce, loss of a job, and sickness can trigger or worsen a mental health condition like depression, anxiety, or PTSD.

Cultural factors

Cultural Beliefs and Stigma : Cultural beliefs and stigmatization associated with mental health disorders can shape one’s experience of psychological distress in some cases. Cultural values towards mental health issues may be stigmatized, leading to reluctance from people to assess mental health treatment options; in contrast, other cultures may have an open approach to discussing mental health issues and promoting treatment (Ediz et al., 2024).

Cultural adaptation and coping strategies: Different cultures have different coping strategies associated with stress and adversity. For example, some cultures emphasize collective well-being and social harmony, where people come together and promote togetherness in times of stress, while others promote individualism. These different coping mechanisms can influence the mental health outcomes of various individuals in different circumstances.

Acculturation : stress for the migrant or the immigrants or minority population, and the process of adapting to a new culture is usually a stressful and conflicting environment, and this contributes to anxiety, depression, and identity-related issues, which then has a higher impact on their mental health functionality.

Interpersonal factors

Family dynamics : A dysfunctional family environment marked with high levels of conflict, abuse, neglect, or irritability can contribute to high mental health problems in children and adults. A family history of mental health illness may also increase susceptibility, but the dysfunctionality of the family promotes this susceptibility more.

Peer relationships , especially in adolescence, are a critical shaping era, where they shape and groom their self-esteem and emotional well-being. Peer relationships play a very vital role. Peer rejection or bullying can increase the risk of depression, anxiety, and eating disorders in this population.

Intimate relationships : The functionality in romantic relationships, including those marked by emotional abuse, conflict, hatred, and lies, can contribute to mental health problems like depression, anxiety, and other personality disorders, making the person highly prone to other mental health conditions.

Conclusion

Studies present that psychopathology arises from a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. It is also true that genetic predispositions affect brain functioning. Neurotransmitter imbalances interact with cognitive ability and emotional processes such as maladaptive thinking, and emotional dysregulation. One ‘s social and cultural context also interplays with family dynamics, social support, and life stressors. These significantly influence the development of mental health issues and conditions. It is very crucial to understand the multifaceted nature of psychopathology in developing effective treatment and interventions that address the unique needs of individuals with mental health conditions and why mental health condition is always a call for concern. We must look at cultural values, eradicate stigmatization, and make individuals more open to assessing mental health treatment options.

References

Ediz, Ç., Uzun, S., Mohammadnezhad, M., & Erdaş, M. B. (2024). Role of culture and religious beliefs on non-medical help-seeking behavior among patients with chronic mental illnesses (CMIs) in Türkiye. Indian Journal of Psychiatry , 66 (8), 695–703. https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_57_24 Links to an external site.

Fernandes, A., & Gomes, M. (2024). Mental disorders: exploring normality models to distinguish what is normal from what is illness. European Psychiatry , 67 , S660. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1370 Links to an external site.

Jessica L. Bourdon, John M. Hettema, Elizabeth C. Prom-Wormley, & Michael A. Southam-Gerow. (2021). Assessing Stakeholder Perceptions of the Utility of Genetic Information for the Clinical Care of Mental Health Disorders: We Have a Will but Need to See the Way. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research , 48 (2), 363–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-020-01058-7 Links to an external site.

Marge Alejandra Sierra, Eliana Ortiz, & Bertha Lucia Avendaño-Prieto. (2023). Psychological inflexibility as the main factor associated with emotional symptomatology and suicide risk: Two trans-diagnostic models for risk in young adults from Cundinamarca. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology , 11 (3). https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3924 Links to an external site.

V.I. Tkachenko, & T.O. Bagro. (2023). The correlation between body weight, serotonin levels, mental health status, sleep disorders, and metabolism in patients with obesity. Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal , 19 (5), 354–362. https://doi.org/10.22141/2224-0721.19.5.2023.1299

Factors that Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Psychopathology is defined as the research or “exploration” of atypical mental and psychological symptoms and behaviors (Schultze et al, 2018, para 1). Unlike other illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease which can be diagnosed based off various tests and labs, psychopathology utilizes research to guide healthcare professionals on how to assess, observe, evaluate, diagnose, and treat various abnormalities in mental health based on biological, behavioral, emotional, and social factors.

Biological (Genetic and Neuroscientific)

Psychiatric behaviors and disorders have been linked to genetics since the early 1900’s. Genomic and family studies along with collaborative efforts have concluded that genetics are linked to various disorders including bipolar disorder, depression, ADHD, autism, and schizophrenia (Smoller et al, 2019). The Neuroscientific viewpoint, including the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, plays a significant role in psychopathology as a tool for early detection by assessing and observing behaviors and symptoms (Perkins et al, 2020). Although studies have shown that genetics play a role in various psychiatric disorders, many believe that genetics alone cannot develop certain disorders. Studies have shown that environmental and social factors contribute to psychiatric disorders along with genetics.

Psychological (Behavioral and Cognitive Processes, Emotional, Developmental)

Although the cognitive processes and psychopathology are not well understood some studies have shown that they are independent from each other however depression, anxiety, psychotic behaviors, and substance use were associated with increased symptoms that influenced cognitive impairment (Chavez-Baldini et al, 2023).

Social, Cultural, and Interpersonal Factors

Socioeconomic and cultural factors play a vital role in association with psychopathology. Cultural factors such as identity issues, minority statuses, religion, gender, and cultural differences are a few factors that develop psychopathology and influence negative behaviors and symptoms of psychiatric disorders (Moleiro et al, 2018).

References

Chavez-Baldini, U., Nieman, D. H., Keestra, A., Lok, A., Mocking, R. J. T., de Koning, P., Krzhizhanovskaya, V. V., Bockting, C. L. H., van Rooijen, G., Smit, D. J. A., Sutterland, A. L., Verweij, K. J. H., van Wingen, G., Wigman, J. T. W., Vulink, N. C., & Denys, D. (2023). The relationship between cognitive functioning and psychopathology in patients with psychiatric disorders: a transdiagnostic network analysis. Psychological medicine, 53(2), 476–485. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721001781

Perkins, E. R., Joyner, K. J., Patrick, C. J., Bartholow, B. D., Latzman, R. D., DeYoung, C. G., Kotov, R., Reininghaus, U., Cooper, S. E., Afzali, M. H., Docherty, A. R., Dretsch, M. N., Eaton, N. R., Goghari, V. M., Haltigan, J. D., Krueger, R. F., Martin, E. A., Michelini, G., Ruocco, A. C., Tackett, J. L., … Zald, D. H. (2020). Neurobiology and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology: progress toward ontogenetically informed and clinically useful nosology
. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 22(1), 51–63. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/eperkins Links to an external site.

Moleiro C. (2018). Culture and Psychopathology: New Perspectives on Research, Practice, and Clinical Training in a Globalized World. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9, 366. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00366 Links to an external site.

Schultze-Lutter, F., Schmidt, S. J., & Theodoridou, A. (2018). Psychopathology-a Precision Tool in Need of Re-sharpening. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9, 446. Retrieved https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00446 Links to an external site.

Smoller, J. W., Andreassen, O. A., Edenberg, H. J., Faraone, S. V., Glatt, S. J., & Kendler, K. S. (2019). Psychiatric genetics and the structure of psychopathology. Molecular psychiatry, 24(3), 409–420. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-017-0010-4 Links to an external site.

Reply from

The Multidimensional Framework for Psychopathology

Psychopathology, the scientific analysis of disease in its psychological and behavioral expressions, is a product of the integration of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors (Langwerden et al., 2021). Understanding all these dimensions, therefore, is essential for PMHNPs as they endeavor to ascertain, diagnose, and manage consumers’ mental health disorders comprehensively. These papers focus on how such factors affect the development of psychopathology and the importance of adopting a multidimensionally integrative model.

Biological Factors

Current genetic and neuroimaging research emphasizes the biological processes within psychopathology. Correspondingly, the findings of gene linkage provided by the methods of familial and twin investigations testify to the genetically corresponding affined disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder (Lebowitz & Appelbaum, 2019). For example, alterations or changes in genes involved in neurotransmitter systems, inclusive of dopamine and serotonin, will bar individuals with mood and psychotic disorders. Neuroscience enriches the understanding of the structure and function of the human brain about psychopathology. Deficits in the regulation of the prefrontal cortex and amygdala are associated with depression and anxiety, respectively, while hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity is reported to be abnormal in stress-related disorders. These biological understandings are helpful at the individual level for pharmacological treatments aiming to modulate neurochemical processes.

Psychological Factors

Cognitive, emotional, and developmental psychologies play a significant role in the development of psychopathology. According to behavioral theories, phobias may be caused by learned behavior, especially conditioned fears. In cognitive theories, considerable importance is attributed to maladaptive schemas such as catastrophizing or ruminating in conditions such as generalized anxiety or depression. Further, childhood temperament issues may contribute to emotion dysregulation problems, which may culminate in borderline personality disorder and more emotional dysregulation diseases (McLaughlin et al., 2020). Psychologically, abuse or any other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are destructive to the typical growth pattern of a child’s emotional well-being, heightening their risk of having psychopathology.

Social, Cultural, and Interpersonal Factors

Social and cultural factors also define how widespread, how manifested, and how identified the mental health disorders are. Cultural beliefs and attitudes towards mental disorders may distort the perception and expression of symptoms in clinical populations (Asiimwe et al., 2023). Social factors, among them social and economic status, level of education, and health care, among others, also influence the development and management of psychopathology (Langwerden et al., 2021). Relationship dynamics with family and friends are critical to the interpersonal realm. For instance, one can credit unresolved attachment crises in childhood to interpersonal relationship problems and personality disorders.

The Importance of a Multidimensional, Integrative Approach

Understanding the client in different aspects to develop efficient and proper treatment plans is critical in the PMHNPs practice. This means, therefore, that practitioners can view psychopathology as being an entity born out of a multiplicity of factors, the biological, the psychological, and the sociocultural, that should not be viewed in isolation (Ee et al., 2020). Depression, for instance, while pharmacotherapy targets neurochemical imbalances, cognitive psychotherapy can enable the patient to change negative thoughts and optimize the results by addressing socio-demographic factors. This integrative system makes the treatment process most personal to satisfy individual needs and circumstances to maximize effectiveness and patient satisfaction.

Conclusion

In conclusion, psychopathology is a complex field and science that encompasses both genetic as well as neurological, psychological, and sociocultural approaches. An integrative framework maintains a healthy balance for PMHNPs because it assists them in comprehensively analyzing severe conditions and requirements for effective treatment. Thus, utilizing a multiple factors model can enhance the diagnostic activity, the results of the treatment process, and the overall level of patient-oriented care.

References

Asiimwe, R., Nuwagaba-K, R. D., Dwanyen, L., & Kasujja, R. (2023). Sociocultural considerations of mental health care and help-seeking in Uganda. Ssm – Mental Health , 4 , 100232–100232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100232 Links to an external site.

Ee, C., Lake, J., Firth, J., Hargraves, F., Manincor, M. de, Meade, T., Marx, W., & Sarris, J. (2020). An Integrative Collaborative Care Model for People with Mental Illness and Physical Comorbidities. International Journal of Mental Health Systems , 14 (1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-020-00410-6 Links to an external site.

Langwerden, R. J., Thompson, M. G., & Wagner, E. F. (2021). Multidimensional conceptualization of identity and psychopathology: Assessing mental health disparities from an intersectional and dimensional framework. Personality and Mental Health . https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1519 Links to an external site.

Lebowitz, M. S., & Appelbaum, P. S. (2019). Biomedical Explanations of Psychopathology and Their Implications for Attitudes and Beliefs About Mental Disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology , 15 (1), 555–577. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095416 Links to an external site.

McLaughlin, K. A., Colich, N. L., Rodman, A. M., & Weissman, D. G. (2020). Mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic model of risk and resilience. BMC Medicine , 18 (1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01561-6 Links to an external site.

Reply from

Psychopathology is influenced by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors. These elements work together to shape the development of mental health conditions. Understanding how these factors interact can provide a more comprehensive view of why psychopathology develops and how it can be treated or prevented.

Biological Factors

From a biological perspective, psychopathology is often linked to genetic and neurobiological factors. Genetic predispositions are a major influence, as certain genetic variations have been associated with mental disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety (Boland, Verduin, & Ruiz, 2022). For example, individuals with a family history of mental disorders are at a higher risk of developing similar conditions, suggesting a genetic component. Additionally, neuroscientific research has shown that changes in brain structure and function, such as abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex or amygdala, can contribute to emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and other psychiatric symptoms (Jackson & Milberg, 2018). Neurotransmitter imbalances, including those of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, are also commonly implicated in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders.

Psychological Factors

Psychological factors influencing the development of psychopathology include both cognitive and behavioral processes. Cognitive models suggest that dysfunctional thought patterns, such as negative thinking or distorted beliefs about oneself or the world, can predispose individuals to conditions like depression and anxiety (Butcher & Kendall, 2018). For instance, people who consistently engage in cognitive distortions—such as catastrophizing or overgeneralization—may be more likely to develop mood or anxiety disorders. Additionally, behavioral theories emphasize the role of learning and conditioning in psychopathology. For example, individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often develop maladaptive behavioral responses (e.g., avoidance or hypervigilance) due to conditioning to traumatic stimuli.

From an emotional development perspective, early life experiences, including attachment styles and emotional regulation, are important for understanding the onset of psychopathology. Emotional dysregulation, often seen in conditions like borderline personality disorder and mood disorders, can stem from early disruptions in emotional development (Masten & Kalstabakken, 2018). Poor coping mechanisms developed in childhood may also increase the risk of later psychopathological conditions.

Social and Cultural Factors

The social and cultural environment in which an individual is embedded plays a significant role in shaping their mental health. Sociocultural factors such as social support, socioeconomic status, and cultural norms can either mitigate or exacerbate mental health issues. For example, individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds or those facing systemic discrimination may experience higher levels of stress, which in turn increases the risk of developing mental disorders (Cheung & Mak, 2018). Social support, on the other hand, can buffer against the effects of stress and is associated with better mental health outcomes. Cultural factors also influence the expression and diagnosis of psychopathology. For instance, certain cultures may interpret or express psychiatric symptoms differently, affecting both the recognition of mental health issues and the types of treatment sought.

Interpersonal relationships are also critical. Dysfunctional family dynamics or negative peer influences can contribute to the development of mental health conditions. For instance, childhood abuse, neglect, or inconsistent parenting styles can lead to attachment issues, which increase vulnerability to conditions such as depression, anxiety, or personality disorders (Masten & Kalstabakken, 2018). In adulthood, interpersonal stressors such as relationship difficulties or work-related challenges may also contribute to the development or exacerbation of mental health issues.

Conclusion

The development of psychopathology is multifaceted, involving a complex interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors. Genetic predispositions and neurobiological abnormalities provide a foundational risk, while cognitive patterns, behavioral responses, and early life experiences further shape the individual’s susceptibility. In addition, the social environment, including cultural, familial, and societal influences, plays a crucial role in either buffering or exacerbating mental health issues. A comprehensive understanding of these factors is essential for effective diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of psychopathology.

References

Boland, R., Verduin, M. L., & Ruiz, P. (2022). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (12th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Butcher, J. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Introduction to childhood and adolescent psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology (Vol. 2, pp. 3–14). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-001 Links to an external site.

Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders (Vol. 1, pp. 127–147). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-006 Links to an external site.

Jackson, C. E., & Milberg, W. P. (2018). Examination of neurological and neuropsychological features in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders (Vol. 1, pp. 65–90). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-004 Links to an external site.

Masten, A. S., & Kalstabakken, A. W. (2018). Developmental perspectives on psychopathology in children and adolescents. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology (Vol. 2, pp. 15–36). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-002 Links to an external site.

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A complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors shapes the development of psychopathology. Biologically, genetic predispositions and brain abnormalities, such as neurotransmitter imbalances and structural differences, contribute to mental disorders. For example, the amygdala plays a crucial role in processing fear and anxiety, initiating emotional responses, and is often implicated in anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and specific phobias(Jackson & Milberg, 2018).

Psychologically, maladaptive behaviors, dysfunctional thinking patterns, emotional dysregulation, and early developmental experiences (e.g., trauma or attachment issues) play a crucial role in the development as well. Exposure to traumatic events and interpersonal trauma in childhood is associated with a wide range of psychosocial, developmental, and medical impairments in children, adolescents, and adults, with emotional dysregulation being a core feature that may help to account for this heightened risk(Dvir et al., 2014). These experiences can influence the development of psychopathology, but the individual’s behavior also influences the nature of experiences and the quality of the ecological system. Young people influence their experiences with parents, teachers, classmates, friends, romantic partners, and other social actors who play major roles in their lives(Masten & Kalstabakken, 2018). The development and social factors begin within the fetus and as a child grows.

Social and cultural factors, including life stressors, interpersonal relationships, and cultural norms, also influence mental health. These factors interact in dynamic ways, with genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors shaping an individual’s risk for developing mental health disorders across their lifespan. Life stressors, like financial difficulties or traumatic events, can trigger or exacerbate mental health challenges, while supportive relationships and cultural norms can either buffer or contribute to mental health struggles. Genetic vulnerability, combined with environmental stressors, can increase the risk of developing disorders like depression, anxiety, or PTSD, with these risks varying across different life stages(Compton & Shim, 2015).

A clinician and provider must consider all the factors influencing the patient’s mental health. These clients use your views to shape their views about whether their disorders are biological or psychological (Ahn et al., 2009). A complete history and education of the big picture can allow you to give the best possible care to your client.

References:

Ahn, W., Proctor, C. C., & Flanagan, E. H. (2009). Mental Health Clinicians’ Beliefs About the Biological, Psychological, and Environmental Bases of Mental Disorders. Cognitive Science , 33 (2), 147–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01008.x Links to an external site.

Compton, M. T., & Shim, R. S. (2015). The social determinants of mental health . American Psychiatric Publishing, a division of American Psychiatric Association.

Dvir, Y., Ford, J. D., Hill, M., & Frazier, J. A. (2014). Childhood Maltreatment, Emotional Dysregulation, and Psychiatric Comorbidities. Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 22 (3), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000014

Jackson, C. E., & Milberg, W. P. (2018). Examination of neurological and neuropsychological features in psychopathology. APA Handbook of Psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Adult Mental Disorders (Vol. 1). , 1 , 65–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-004 Links to an external site.

Masten, A. S., & Kalstabakken, A. W. (2018). Developmental perspectives on psychopathology in children and adolescents. APA Handbook of Psychopathology: Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (Vol. 2). , 2 , 15–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-002

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Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Psychopathology is the scientific study of abnormal mental states, cognition, and behavior that result from a disordered mind (Sanati, 2020). The development of psychopathology is a complex and dynamic process that results from an intersection of various factors, including biological, psychological, social, cultural, and interpersonal factors. The biological factors that influence the development of psychopathology include genetic and neuroscientific factors. Genetic factors contribute to the development of psychopathology through increasing susceptibility to some disorders, such as schizophrenia and affective disorders, antisocial disorders, anxiety disorders, ADHD, and some developmental disorders (Smoller et al., 2019). Individuals may have some genetic factors that may lead to increased vulnerability to some psychological conditions. The neuroscientific factors can also contribute to the development of psychopathology. The neurobiological mechanisms, brain structure, neural connectivity, and neurotransmitter system form an intricate biological system predisposing individuals to psychological challenges. In their study, Haywood et al. (2022) noted that neurocognitive deficits have been attributed to a variety of psychopathological disorders that contribute to the development and etiology of psychopathology.

Multiple psychological factors, such as behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional and developmental, affect the development of psychopathology. Cognitive factors from early experiences and learning shape how individuals perceive, interpret, and respond to their environment. The emotional regulation mechanism that entails the ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotional experiences plays a critical role in psychological functioning (Kraiss et al., 2020). Emotional regulation abilities help in alleviating psychological symptoms and enhance mental well-being, which play a crucial role in the treatment of people with mental disorders. Traumatic experiences, repeated negative interactions, and developmental disruptions contribute to cognitive and emotional patterns that cause the emergence of psychological disorders.

Social, cultural, and interpersonal factors play a significant role in the development of psychopathology. Social factors, including poverty, lack of social support, and discrimination, may influence the development of mental disorders. Poverty is likely to increase the risk of developing mental disorders as a result of chronic stress and inadequate access to mental health services. In their study, Ruiz-Martínez et al. (2020) noted that integration of socio-cultural conditions such as poverty, disorderly urbanization, lack of housing, and lack of education highly influences the development of mental health issues. Family dynamics, interpersonal relationships, cultural norms, and societal structure cause a complex ecosystem that may support or challenge psychological well-being. Among the significant social or interpersonal factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology is negative peer interactions such as bullying or harassment, which may push an individual to higher risks of drug use and behavioral and mental health issues. According to Mason et al. (2022), interpersonal factors are identified as part of models of developing and progressing psychological disorders such as eating disorders, with interpersonal modeling suggesting a pathway where interpersonal factors predict mental health issues and psychopathology. The social and cultural contexts provide the external environment that significantly influences psychological development. Having traumatic experiences, repeated negative interactions, and developmental disruptions may contribute to cognitive and emotional patterns that lead to emergency psychological disorders. It can be noted that the development of psychopathology results from complex neurobiological processes and is influenced by several biological, physical, social, environmental, and psychological factors. Clinical approaches continue to identify the complexity of these factors interactions, and practical approaches should simultaneously address biological mechanisms and psychological and social contexts.

References

Haywood, D., Baughman, F. D., Mullan, B. A., & Heslop, K. R. (2022). What Accounts for the Factors of Psychopathology? An Investigation of the Neurocognitive Correlates of Internalizing, Externalizing, and the P-factor. Brain Sciences , 12 (4), 421.

Kraiss, J. T., Ten Klooster, P. M., Moskowitz, J. T., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2020). The relationship between emotion regulation and well-being in patients with mental disorders: A meta-analysis. Comprehensive Psychiatry , 102 , 152189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152189

Mason, T. B., Dayag, R., Dolgon-Krutolow, A., Lam, K., & Zhang, D. (2022). A systematic review of maladaptive interpersonal behaviors and eating disorder psychopathology. Eating Behaviors , p. 45 , 101601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101601

Ruiz-Martínez, A. O., González-Arratia López Fuentes, N. I., González-Escobar, S., Paola, Y., & Torres-Muñoz, M. A. (2020). Psycho-sociocultural influences on psychopathological symptoms in the open community: ecosystemic inequalities. Acta Colombiana de Psicología , 23 (1), 181-192. https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2020.23.1.9

Sanati, A. (2020). An exploration of psychopathology for clinical practice. BJPsych Advances , 26 (5), 296–298. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2020.37

Smoller, J. W., Andreassen, O. A., Edenberg, H. J., Faraone, S. V., Glatt, S. J., & Kendler, K. S. (2019). Psychiatric genetics and the structure of psychopathology. Molecular psychiatry , 24 (3), 409-420. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-017-0010-4

Main Post

There are many factors that can influence the development of psychopathology. First, gene-by-environment interactions are the most common influences of psychopathology. Inherited genes can be influenced by experiences and environments. Genetics make up about 20%-40% of anxiety and depression disorders. More than 75% of genetics can influence bipolar and schizophrenia. There are also other factors such as social, cultural, psychological, neurodevelopmental, and environmental (Kalin, 2019).

Neurodevelopment happens the most during the fetal period and up to 3 years old. The fetus is exposed to the outer environment through the mother. The fetus can be exposed to prenatal depression, stressors of maternal experiences, and infections or drug exposures. Depression in the mother can be associated with the brain developing white matter as an infant. Childhood trauma and maltreatment can also influence psychopathology. The first 5 years of a child’s life is the most vulnerable time where neurons present the greatest epigenic flexibility. Telomere biology has been a factor in determining psychopathology. Telemeres are located at the end of chromosomes and protect against chromosomal damage. Telomere length is linked to the aging process and medical or mental health (Kalin, 2019). There is a factor call the P-factor that reports psychopathology is heritable and a phenotypic. A genetic psychiatrist risks or observesa single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a patient’s DNA. The p-factor is connected with brain structures and functions (Haywood et al., 2022).

Interactions of the immune system and the brain are important in predicting mood, stress reactivity, and behavior. Patients that are exposed to circulating hormones play an important role of developing adequate brain shape and also can influence cognition, mood, and social behavior. Changes in chemical processes can also influence psychopathology include change in hormones, pathway of neurotransmitter changes, change in metabolites and a change in the the function of neurons, lymphocytes, endocrine cells, & changes in the network of cells. Viral and bacterial infections in the mother can increase risk of developing a psychotic disorder in male children (Kalin, 2019). Immune-related predictors lower levels of proinflammatory markers, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon-beta were predictive of chronic PTSD (Kalin, 2019).

Social

Social factors tend to occur in school and with relationships. Bullying or negative peer relationships can influence negative behaviors and increase the risk of antisocial disorder, substance use, risky sexual behavior, and academic failure. An example of bullying or negative peer relationships include mockery, physical actions, spreading false rumors, cyber bullying, insults, physical threats. People that are bullies are more likely to use drugs later in life while victims of bullying had an increased risk of behavior disorders and mental health illnesses. A stressful childhood can increase the inflammatory process, cause stress reactivity, increase risk of cardiovascular disease and autoimmune disorders, depression, antisocial behaviors, and substance abuse as an adult. A person’s lifestyle can influence psychopathology such as sleep complications, lack of exercise, poor nutrition, negative relationships, lack of relaxation and recreation. Obesity is also known to cause behavioral disorders (Influences on mental, emotional, and behavioral development, 2019).

Environment

There are multiple levels of environmental factors such as individual, family, community, and society. Examples of physical environment factors are toxins, pollution, air quality, and climate. These environmental factors are influenced by low socio-economic status. Developmental acceleration can influence psychopathology. For example, girls that experience challenges during childhood can have an early puberty onset than girls that do not have challenges such as an absent father, maternal depression, low ratio of income to needs, and family conflict (Influences on mental, emotional, and behavioral development, 2019).

References

Haywood, D., Baughman, F. D., Mullan, B. A., & Heslop, K. R. (2022). What Accounts for the Factors of Psychopathology? An Investigation of the Neurocognitive Correlates of Internalising, Externalising, and the p -Factor. Brain sciences , 12 (4), 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12040421 Links to an external site.

Kalin, N. (2019). Early-Life environmental factors impacting the development of psychopathology.

American Journal of Psychiatry. 177 (1). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19111181 Links to an external site.

n.d. (2019). Influences on mental, emotional, and behavioral development. Fostering Healthy Mental, Emotional and Behavioral Development in Children and Youth: A National Agenda. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551846/ Links to an external site.

MAIN DISCUSSION

The study of psychiatry and its psychopathology has been studied for well over a century. One of the contributing factors in psychiatry is genetics. The presence of mental disorders running in families has been noted for centuries but in the 20 th century evidence of increased incidence of mental disorders was substantiated by studies involving family, twin and adoptions. The increased incidence included many of the major psychiatric disorders including depression, alcohol and drug abuse, OCD, schizophrenia, anxiety, and autism (JW, et al., 2019). Another factor influencing psychiatry is the neuroscientific aspect. Panksepp’s theory discusses that survival circuits are behavioral sequences that are evoked by localized stimulation of brain tissue. He also discussed the different neuromodulators such as dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin and opioids and the different effects they have on the body as well as where they are produced in the body. Other theories are noted also and express how imbalance of neuromodulators can be associated with different mental disorders (McNaughton, 2020).

Psychological influences regarding psychopathology involve how well the person have developed the ability to adapt to issues that may develop in life. It can also be broken down into faults when a component does not perform its designated function and failures when there is a loss of basic function of the brain that impairs cognition, emotion or behavior. The article emphasizes the lack of homeostasis and the ability for the person to adapt to changes can lead to mental disorders developing (Kent, Markon, & A., 2023). Other factors that influence psychopathology include traumas that the person has experienced, stress in early life can cause a patient to develop a mental disorder later in life. Pregnancy is another factor that can cause the development of disorders like depression. Also, incidences of physical and sexual abuse, particularly early in life as well as neglect can lead to disorders as well. The article also discussed how the first 5 years of life is an important time of vulnerability which is thought to be due to the neurons having the largest epigenetic malleability which would explain the importance of environmental events during this time. It also discussed how with mothers with mental disorders, their treatment leading to issues like mental delays in the infants (Kalin, 2020).

The presence of mental abuse and neglect during childhood as other mistreatment also increased the risk of mental illness. It also discussed how this trauma in childhood can be intergenerational. It was notices that the treatment of a child from a mother that was mistreated often lead to issues like decreased motion or lack of response to the infant or child which in turn would just cause a cycle that would repeat itself (Kalin, 2020). Culture has a substantial effect on caring for the patient with mental health and obtaining a diagnosis. Things like access to healthcare and the patients view on metal health and their willingness to follow through with treatment. Also, discovering symptoms and establishing a relationship so the patient will communicate may make it difficult to diagnose a patient correctly. Culture is an important part of a patient’s social world and involves their believes and core values and has to be considered when treating a patient (Xiang, et al., 2023).

Bibliography

JW, S., OA, A., HJ, E., SV, F., SJ, G., & KS., K. (2019, March). Psychiatric genetics and the structure of psychopathology. Mol Psychiatry, 24 (3). Retrieved from Psychiatric genetics and the structure of psychopathology: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6684352/

Kalin, N. (2020). Early-Life Environmental Factors Impacting the Development of Psychopathology. American Journal Of Psychiatry, 177 (1). Retrieved November 2027, 2024, from https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19111181

Kent, J., Markon, K., & A., M. D. (2023). APA PsycNet . Retrieved from Theories of Psychopathology: Introduction to a Special Section: https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2023-67353-001.html

McNaughton, N. (2020, May). Personality neuroscience and psychopathology: should we start with biology and look for neural-level factors? Personal Neuroscience, 3 . Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7253689/

Xiang, Y., Lewis-Fernández, R., Zhao, X., Villaseñor Bayardo, S., Li, W., & Luna-Zamora, R. (2023). Culture and Psychopathology. Springer, Cham. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_78-1